A cache is a saved copy of something so it does not need to be fetched or built again.
Browsers cache images and files so a second visit loads faster. Servers cache finished pages so they do not rebuild them for every visitor. CDNs cache files close to the visitor.
Caching is also why you sometimes do not see a change right away. Your browser is showing the saved copy. A hard refresh usually fixes it.
WordPress sites lean on caching plugins to feel fast. A static HTML page does not need to be assembled, so it needs far less help from a cache.
A CDN keeps copies of your site in many cities so visitors get it from somewhere close.
TTL, or time to live, is how long DNS answers may be cached before being looked up again.
A static site is made of finished files that a server hands out as they are, with nothing built on the fly.
A plugin is an add-on that gives WordPress a feature it does not have on its own, like a form or a gallery.
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